Bututun ƙarfe mara nauyi suna cikin hannun jari
Ba a amfani da bututun ƙarfe ba kawai don isar da ruwa da daskararrun foda, musayar makamashin zafi, kera sassan injina da kwantena, har ma da ƙarfe na tattalin arziki. Yin amfani da bututun ƙarfe don yin grid tsarin gini, ginshiƙi da tallafin injin na iya rage nauyi, adana ƙarfe ta 20 ~ 40%, kuma fahimtar masana'antu da injina. Kera manyan gadaje tare da bututun ƙarfe ba zai iya ceton ƙarfe kawai da sauƙaƙe gini ba, har ma yana rage girman shafi na kariya da adana kuɗin zuba jari da kulawa. Ana iya raba bututun ƙarfe zuwa kashi biyu bisa ga hanyoyin samarwa: bututun ƙarfe mara ƙarfi da bututun ƙarfe na walda. Ana kiran bututun ƙarfe na walda a matsayin welded bututu a takaice.
1. Sumul karfe bututu za a iya raba zafi birgima sumul bututu, sanyi kõma bututu, daidai karfe bututu, zafi fadada bututu, sanyi kadi bututu da extruded bututu bisa ga samar hanya.
An yi bututun ƙarfe mara ƙarfi da ƙarfe mai inganci ko ƙarfe mai ƙarfi, wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa mirgina mai zafi da mirgina sanyi (zane).
2.Welded karfe bututu ne zuwa kashi tanderu welded bututu, lantarki waldi (juriya waldi) bututu da atomatik baka welded bututu saboda daban-daban walda matakai. Saboda daban-daban walda siffofin, shi ne zuwa kashi madaidaiciya kabu welded bututu da karkace welded bututu. Saboda siffar ƙarshensa, an raba shi zuwa bututu mai walƙiya madauwari da bututu mai siffa ta musamman (square, lebur, da sauransu).
An yi bututun ƙarfe mai walƙiya da farantin ƙarfe na birgima wanda aka yi masa walda da haɗin gindi ko karkace. A cikin sharuddan masana'antu hanya, an kuma kasu kashi welded karfe bututu ga low-matsa lamba ruwa watsa, karkace kabu welded karfe bututu, kai tsaye birgima welded karfe bututu, welded karfe bututu, da dai sauransu sumul karfe bututu za a iya amfani da ruwa da gas bututun. a masana'antu daban-daban. Ana iya amfani da bututun welded don bututun ruwa, bututun iskar gas, bututun dumama, bututun lantarki, da sauransu.
Kayan aikin injiniya na karfe shine mahimman bayanai don tabbatar da aikin sabis na ƙarshe (kayan aikin injiniya) na ƙarfe, wanda ya dogara da tsarin sinadaran da tsarin kula da zafi na karfe. A cikin ma'auni na bututun ƙarfe, bisa ga buƙatun sabis daban-daban, ƙayyadaddun kaddarorin (ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙarfin samar da ƙarfi ko ma'aunin yawan amfanin ƙasa, elongation), ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin zafi da masu amfani ke buƙata.
Matsakaicin ƙarfin (FB) wanda samfurin ya ɗauka yayin tashin hankali, raba ta hanyar asalin yanki na giciye ( don haka) na samfurin (σ), Ƙarfin ƙarfi (σ b), a cikin N / mm2 (MPA). Yana wakiltar iyakar ƙarfin kayan ƙarfe don tsayayya da gazawar a ƙarƙashin tashin hankali.
Don kayan ƙarfe tare da abin al'ajabi, damuwa lokacin da samfurin zai iya ci gaba da tsawo ba tare da karuwa ba (ci gaba da ci gaba) damuwa a lokacin tsarin jujjuyawar ana kiransa alamar yawan amfanin ƙasa. Idan damuwa ya ragu, za a bambanta maki na sama da na ƙasa. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa shine n/mm2 (MPA).
Ma'anar yawan amfanin ƙasa (σ Su): matsakaicin matsananciyar damuwa kafin yawan damuwa na samfurin ya ragu a karon farko; Ƙananan ma'auni (σ SL): ƙananan damuwa a matakin yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin da ba a yi la'akari da tasirin farko nan take ba.
Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na ma'aunin ƙima shine:
Inda: FS - yawan damuwa (m) na samfurin a lokacin tashin hankali, n (Newton) don haka - ainihin yanki na giciye na samfurin, mm2.
A cikin gwajin gwagwarmaya, yawan adadin tsawon ya karu da tsayin ma'auni na samfurin bayan karya zuwa tsawon ma'auni na asali ana kiransa elongation. tare da σ Bayyana a cikin%. Tsarin lissafin shine: σ = (Lh-Lo) / L0 * 100%
Inda: LH - tsawon ma'auni bayan karya samfurin, mm; L0 -- tsawon ma'aunin asali na samfurin, mm.
A cikin gwajin ƙwanƙwasa, adadin da ke tsakanin matsakaicin matsakaicin raguwa na yanki a cikin raguwar diamita da asalin yanki na yanki bayan an karya samfurin ana kiransa raguwar yanki. tare da ψ Bayyana a cikin%. Tsarin lissafin shine kamar haka:
Inda: S0 -- asalin yanki na yanki na samfurin, mm2; S1 -- ƙaramar yanki na giciye a raguwar diamita bayan karya samfurin, mm2.
Ƙarfin kayan ƙarfe don tsayayya da yanayin shigar da abubuwa masu wuya ana kiransa hardness. Dangane da hanyoyin gwaji daban-daban da iyakokin aikace-aikacen, za a iya raba taurin zuwa taurin Brinell, taurin Rockwell, taurin Vickers, taurin bakin teku, microhardness da taurin zafin jiki. Brinell, Rockwell da Vickers taurin yawanci ana amfani dashi don bututu.
Latsa ƙwallon ƙarfe ko ƙwallon siminti mai siminti tare da takamaiman diamita cikin saman samfurin tare da ƙayyadadden ƙarfin gwaji (f), cire ƙarfin gwajin bayan ƙayyadadden lokacin riƙewa, kuma auna diamita na shigarwa (L) akan saman samfurin. Lambar taurin Brinell ita ce adadin da aka samu ta hanyar rarraba ƙarfin gwajin ta wurin sararin samaniya na indentation. An bayyana a cikin HBS (ƙwallon ƙarfe), naúrar: n / mm2 (MPA).
Inda: F - ƙarfin gwajin da aka danna cikin saman samfurin ƙarfe, N; D - diamita na ƙwallon ƙarfe don gwaji, mm; D -- matsakaicin diamita na shigarwa, mm.
Ƙaddamar da taurin Brinell ya fi daidai kuma abin dogara, amma gabaɗaya HBS yana aiki ne kawai ga kayan ƙarfe da ke ƙasa da 450N / mm2 (MPA), ba don ƙarfe mai ƙarfi ko faranti na bakin ciki ba. Brinell taurin shine mafi yadu amfani da karfe bututu matsayin. Ana amfani da diamita na indentation D sau da yawa don bayyana taurin kayan, wanda yake da hankali da dacewa.
Misali: 120hbs10 / 1000/30: yana nufin cewa ƙimar taurin Brinell da aka auna ta amfani da ƙwallan karfe 10mm diamita ƙarƙashin aikin 1000kgf (9.807kn) ƙarfin gwajin 30s shine 120N / mm2 (MPA).
